Model portfolio inclusion strategies for ETFs represent a critical pathway for asset managers seeking to drive sustainable asset growth through institutional channels. These strategies focus on positioning ETFs within professionally managed model portfolios used by financial advisors, wealth managers, and robo-advisors to serve their clients. When executed effectively, model portfolio inclusion can generate consistent, large-scale asset flows that are less volatile than retail-driven investments.
Key Summary: Model portfolio inclusion strategies help ETF issuers secure placement in professionally managed investment models, driving institutional asset flows through advisor networks and automated platforms while requiring compliance with fiduciary standards and competitive positioning against established fund families.
Key Takeaways:
- Model portfolio inclusion provides more stable, institutional-driven asset flows compared to retail marketing
- Success requires deep relationships with model portfolio managers, turnkey asset management platforms (TAMPs), and robo-advisor platforms
- ETF positioning must emphasize cost efficiency, liquidity, and transparent holdings to meet fiduciary standards
- Digital marketing strategies must target both the decision-makers and the advisors who implement model portfolios
- Compliance requirements include detailed fund documentation, performance reporting, and ongoing due diligence support
- Asset managers need specialized sales teams focused on institutional channels rather than retail distribution
- Technology integration capabilities often determine inclusion in modern digital advice platforms
What Are Model Portfolio Inclusion Strategies?
Model portfolio inclusion strategies encompass the systematic approaches ETF issuers use to secure placement within professionally managed investment models. These models serve as template portfolios that financial advisors, robo-advisors, and wealth management platforms use to construct client portfolios based on specific risk profiles, investment objectives, or demographic targets.
Model Portfolio: A professionally constructed template portfolio that allocates investments across asset classes, sectors, or investment styles, designed to meet specific risk and return objectives while serving as a replicable framework for client accounts.
The model portfolio ecosystem includes several key players: independent model portfolio providers (like Morningstar, Riskalyze, and Orion), turnkey asset management platforms (TAMPs), robo-advisor platforms (Betterment for Business, Schwab Intelligent Portfolios), and large broker-dealers who create proprietary models for their advisor networks. Each channel requires different relationship-building and marketing approaches.
Unlike retail ETF marketing that focuses on individual investors, model portfolio strategies target institutional decision-makers who evaluate funds based on fiduciary standards, cost efficiency, and portfolio construction benefits. This creates a more complex sales cycle but typically results in larger, more stable asset flows once achieved.
Why Model Portfolios Matter for ETF Growth
Model portfolios have become the dominant method for portfolio construction among financial advisors, with industry research indicating that over 70% of advisors use some form of model portfolio in their practice as of 2024. This shift reflects the increasing complexity of investment management and the efficiency gains from professional portfolio construction.
For ETF issuers, model portfolio inclusion offers several distinct advantages over retail-focused distribution strategies:
- Scale efficiency: A single model portfolio inclusion can result in millions of dollars in asset flows across hundreds or thousands of client accounts
- Reduced volatility: Institutional flows tend to be less reactive to market sentiment compared to retail investor behavior
- Lower marketing costs: Targeting a smaller universe of decision-makers is more cost-effective than broad retail marketing
- Professional validation: Inclusion in respected models provides third-party credibility that enhances retail marketing efforts
- Recurring revenue: Model portfolios typically maintain their holdings for extended periods, reducing portfolio turnover
The growth of digital advice platforms has accelerated this trend. Robo-advisors manage over $1.4 trillion in assets as of 2024, with the majority allocated through algorithmic model portfolios that require systematic ETF selection processes.
How Do Model Portfolio Managers Select ETFs?
Model portfolio managers employ systematic evaluation processes that prioritize quantitative metrics, operational efficiency, and fiduciary suitability when selecting ETFs. The selection criteria differ significantly from retail investor decision-making, focusing on institutional-grade due diligence factors.
The typical evaluation framework includes multiple assessment layers:
Quantitative Analysis:
- Expense ratio analysis relative to category peers
- Tracking error and index replication methodology
- Average daily trading volume and bid-ask spread analysis
- Assets under management and fund stability metrics
- Tax efficiency and distribution characteristics
Operational Due Diligence:
- Fund company financial stability and regulatory compliance record
- Portfolio management team experience and tenure
- Technology integration capabilities for automated rebalancing
- Client service and reporting infrastructure
- Securities lending practices and revenue sharing transparency
Strategic Fit Assessment:
- Alignment with model portfolio's investment philosophy
- Correlation analysis with existing holdings
- Capacity for large-scale asset flows without market impact
- Geographic and sector exposure appropriateness
- ESG considerations and client preference alignment
Many model portfolio providers use formal request-for-proposal (RFP) processes that require detailed fund documentation, performance attribution analysis, and ongoing reporting commitments from ETF issuers.
What Types of Model Portfolios Include ETFs?
The model portfolio landscape encompasses diverse structures designed to serve different investor segments, risk profiles, and investment approaches. ETF issuers must understand these categories to develop targeted inclusion strategies that align with each model type's specific requirements and decision-making processes.
TAMP (Turnkey Asset Management Platform): A comprehensive service provider that offers model portfolios, portfolio management, trading, rebalancing, and reporting services to financial advisors, enabling them to outsource investment management while maintaining client relationships.
Risk-Based Models:
- Conservative portfolios (20-30% equity allocation) focusing on capital preservation
- Moderate portfolios (40-60% equity allocation) balancing growth and income
- Aggressive portfolios (70-90% equity allocation) emphasizing long-term growth
- Target-date models that adjust allocations based on investor age or retirement timeline
Strategy-Specific Models:
- ESG and sustainable investing models with specific screening criteria
- Factor-based models emphasizing value, growth, momentum, or quality factors
- International and global allocation models requiring specific geographic exposures
- Income-focused models prioritizing dividend yield and distribution consistency
- Alternative strategy models incorporating REITs, commodities, or volatility management
Platform-Specific Models:
- Robo-advisor algorithms that require API integration and automated rebalancing capability
- Bank and broker-dealer proprietary models serving their specific client demographics
- Independent RIA models created by large advisory firms for their internal use
- 401(k) platform models designed for retirement plan participants
Each model category has distinct selection criteria, with conservative models prioritizing cost and stability while aggressive growth models may emphasize performance potential and factor exposures.
Building Relationships with Model Portfolio Providers
Successful model portfolio inclusion requires systematic relationship development with the key decision-makers and influencers within target organizations. This process typically spans 12-24 months and involves multiple touchpoints across different organizational levels.
The relationship-building process centers on demonstrating value beyond basic fund metrics. Model portfolio managers seek partners who can provide ongoing market insights, portfolio construction expertise, and operational support that enhances their overall platform value.
Primary Decision-Maker Engagement:
- Chief Investment Officers and portfolio management teams who set allocation frameworks
- Research analysts responsible for ETF due diligence and ongoing monitoring
- Platform technology leaders who evaluate integration and operational requirements
- Business development executives focused on advisor and client satisfaction
Relationship Development Tactics:
- Regular market outlook presentations and investment committee participation
- Customized research and analysis supporting their investment themes
- Technology integration support and platform optimization assistance
- Co-marketing opportunities that enhance their advisor engagement
- Conference speaking opportunities and thought leadership collaboration
ETF issuers often find success by positioning themselves as strategic partners rather than simple fund providers. This involves sharing proprietary research, offering exclusive access to portfolio managers, and providing value-added services like advisor education programs.
Agencies specializing in institutional finance marketing, such as WOLF Financial, often help asset managers identify the appropriate contacts within target organizations and develop systematic engagement strategies that align with compliance requirements while building authentic relationships.
Digital Marketing Strategies for Model Portfolio Inclusion
Digital marketing for model portfolio inclusion requires a sophisticated approach that targets institutional decision-makers while demonstrating thought leadership and operational excellence. Unlike retail ETF marketing, these strategies focus on building credibility within professional networks and providing analytical tools that support due diligence processes.
The digital strategy must address two distinct audiences: the model portfolio managers who make inclusion decisions and the financial advisors who implement these models with their clients. Each audience has different information needs and engagement preferences.
Content Marketing for Institutional Audiences:
- White papers analyzing portfolio construction methodologies and factor exposures
- Market outlook presentations tailored to specific model portfolio themes
- Performance attribution analysis and peer comparison studies
- Regulatory update communications affecting model portfolio construction
- Case studies demonstrating successful outcomes in similar portfolio contexts
LinkedIn Strategy for Professional Networks:
- Portfolio manager and research team thought leadership content
- Targeted connection building with model portfolio decision-makers
- Industry group participation and professional discussion leadership
- Conference coverage and market insight sharing
- Strategic commenting on industry leader posts to increase visibility
Technology-Enabled Engagement:
- Portfolio analysis tools and interactive calculators for due diligence
- API documentation and integration support for automated platforms
- Regular data feeds supporting ongoing monitoring requirements
- Webinar series addressing portfolio construction and market trends
- Email marketing campaigns with institutional-grade research and analysis
Successful campaigns often achieve 15-25% engagement rates among targeted institutional contacts, significantly higher than typical financial services marketing, due to the focused audience and high-value content approach.
Compliance Requirements for Institutional Marketing
Marketing to model portfolio providers requires strict adherence to SEC and FINRA regulations governing communications with institutional investors, including specific documentation requirements, performance presentation standards, and disclosure obligations that differ from retail-focused marketing.
FINRA Rule 2210: The regulatory framework governing communications with the public, including specific provisions for institutional communications that allow for more detailed performance discussions and strategic analysis while maintaining strict accuracy and fair presentation standards.
The compliance framework for institutional marketing includes several critical components that ETF issuers must integrate into their model portfolio inclusion strategies:
Communication Classification:
- Institutional communications (25+ qualified institutional buyers) have reduced filing requirements
- Correspondence with individual model providers requires different approval processes
- Public communications affecting multiple audiences need comprehensive compliance review
- Social media content targeting institutional audiences requires specialized oversight
Performance Presentation Standards:
- Time-weighted returns with appropriate benchmarking and peer comparisons
- Risk-adjusted metrics including volatility, Sharpe ratios, and maximum drawdown analysis
- Fee impact disclosures showing net returns and expense ratio effects
- Historical performance periods with appropriate disclaimers about past performance
- Market environment context for performance attribution analysis
Documentation Requirements:
- Detailed fund prospectuses and statement of additional information (SAI)
- Ongoing portfolio holdings and characteristics reporting
- Risk management and compliance program descriptions
- Operational due diligence questionnaire responses
- Third-party service provider and counterparty risk documentation
Agencies with expertise in financial services compliance, such as WOLF Financial, build regulatory review processes into every institutional marketing campaign to ensure adherence to FINRA Rule 2210 and SEC advertising requirements while maximizing the strategic impact of communications.
Measuring Success in Model Portfolio Inclusion
Success measurement for model portfolio inclusion strategies requires sophisticated metrics that track both relationship development progress and ultimate asset flow outcomes. The extended sales cycles and institutional decision-making processes necessitate leading indicators that predict eventual inclusion success.
Effective measurement frameworks combine quantitative asset flow data with qualitative relationship progress indicators to provide comprehensive visibility into campaign effectiveness and return on investment.
Primary Success Metrics:
- Assets under management from model portfolio sources (tracked by platform and strategy type)
- Number of model portfolio inclusions achieved within target timeframes
- Average asset size per model portfolio inclusion
- Asset retention rates and model portfolio longevity
- Revenue attribution from model portfolio-driven flows
Leading Indicator Metrics:
- Qualified meetings with target model portfolio decision-makers
- RFP invitations and due diligence process participation
- Content engagement rates among institutional contacts
- Conference speaking opportunities and industry recognition
- Pilot program implementations and testing arrangements
Relationship Quality Assessments:
- Frequency and depth of interactions with key decision-makers
- Access to investment committees and strategic planning processes
- Co-marketing and thought leadership collaboration opportunities
- Technology integration progress and operational relationship development
- Feedback quality and specificity from due diligence processes
Industry benchmarks suggest that successful model portfolio inclusion strategies typically achieve initial placements within 18-36 months, with asset flows materializing over 3-5 year periods as advisor adoption increases and portfolio allocations stabilize.
Technology Integration and Operational Requirements
Modern model portfolio platforms increasingly require seamless technology integration capabilities from ETF providers to support automated rebalancing, performance monitoring, and client reporting functions. These operational requirements often serve as qualifying criteria before investment merit evaluation begins.
The technology infrastructure requirements span multiple systems and data feeds that enable efficient portfolio management and client service delivery across large advisor networks.
Data Integration Requirements:
- Real-time NAV feeds and pricing data for automated rebalancing systems
- Holdings and characteristics data for portfolio analysis and risk monitoring
- Performance and benchmark data in standardized formats
- Distribution and tax reporting data for client account management
- ESG and sustainability metrics for specialized model portfolios
API and System Integration:
- Trading system connectivity for efficient execution and settlement
- Portfolio management system integration for seamless workflow
- Custodial platform connectivity for account administration
- Reporting system integration for client statement generation
- Risk management system compatibility for ongoing monitoring
Operational Support Capabilities:
- Dedicated institutional client service teams with platform expertise
- Technical support for integration implementation and ongoing maintenance
- Customized reporting and analysis capabilities
- Educational resources and training programs for advisor networks
- Compliance support and documentation for fiduciary requirements
ETF issuers often need to invest significantly in technology infrastructure and operational capabilities before achieving model portfolio inclusion, with implementation timelines ranging from 6-18 months depending on platform complexity.
Competitive Positioning Against Established Providers
Newer ETF entrants face significant competitive challenges when pursuing model portfolio inclusion, as established fund families often have multi-decade relationships, extensive product suites, and operational advantages that create high switching costs for model portfolio providers.
Successful competitive positioning requires identifying specific advantages and building compelling value propositions that overcome the inherent preference for established relationships and proven track records.
Differentiation Strategies:
- Superior cost structures and expense ratio advantages
- Innovative index methodologies or factor exposures
- Technology capabilities and integration flexibility
- Specialized market segment expertise
- Enhanced liquidity and trading efficiency
- Customized solutions and partnership approaches
Relationship Advantage Building:
- Senior portfolio manager accessibility and direct relationship development
- Faster decision-making and implementation timelines
- Customized research and market insight provision
- Co-investment in technology development and platform enhancement
- Flexible commercial terms and partnership structures
Market Opportunity Identification:
- Emerging themes and investment strategies underserved by incumbents
- New platform launches requiring fresh provider relationships
- Regulatory changes creating opportunities for specialized solutions
- Market disruptions affecting established competitor positioning
- Geographic or demographic segments with unique requirements
Analysis of 400+ institutional marketing campaigns reveals that new entrants typically achieve initial model portfolio inclusion through specialized strategies or market segments before expanding into core allocation positions dominated by established providers.
Common Challenges in Model Portfolio Inclusion
ETF issuers pursuing model portfolio inclusion encounter systematic obstacles that require strategic planning and sustained commitment to overcome. Understanding these challenges enables more effective resource allocation and timeline planning for institutional marketing initiatives.
The most significant barriers typically relate to relationship development timeframes, operational complexity, and competitive dynamics rather than pure investment merit or fund performance.
Relationship Development Obstacles:
- Limited access to decision-makers due to existing provider relationships
- Long evaluation cycles extending 12-36 months before inclusion decisions
- Multiple stakeholder approval requirements across investment, operations, and business teams
- Preference for established relationships during market uncertainty periods
- Geographic or organizational barriers limiting face-to-face relationship building
Operational Implementation Challenges:
- Complex technology integration requirements with multiple platform systems
- Extensive documentation and due diligence process completion
- Ongoing operational support and reporting capability development
- Compliance and regulatory requirement navigation across multiple jurisdictions
- Scale requirements for meaningful asset flow generation
Competitive Market Dynamics:
- Established provider advantages in cost, scale, and relationship depth
- Limited model portfolio slots available for new providers
- Incumbent protection strategies and exclusive relationship arrangements
- Advisor adoption timelines even after model portfolio inclusion
- Market share concentration among top ETF providers
Successful strategies address these challenges through systematic planning, realistic timeline expectations, and specialized expertise in institutional relationship development and operational implementation.
Future Trends in Model Portfolio ETF Selection
The model portfolio landscape continues evolving rapidly, driven by technological advancement, regulatory changes, and shifting advisor and client preferences. ETF issuers must anticipate these trends to position their inclusion strategies effectively for long-term success.
Emerging trends suggest increasing sophistication in portfolio construction methodologies, greater emphasis on customization capabilities, and enhanced focus on outcome-oriented rather than asset class-based allocation approaches.
Technology-Driven Evolution:
- Artificial intelligence integration in portfolio construction and rebalancing
- Direct indexing capabilities enabling mass customization
- Real-time optimization based on market conditions and client circumstances
- Enhanced data analytics for performance attribution and risk management
- Blockchain and distributed ledger applications for operational efficiency
Investment Strategy Innovation:
- Factor-based portfolio construction with dynamic allocation adjustments
- ESG integration becoming standard rather than specialized requirement
- Outcome-focused strategies emphasizing goal achievement over benchmark performance
- Alternative investment integration within model portfolio frameworks
- Tax optimization strategies becoming more sophisticated and personalized
Regulatory and Fiduciary Developments:
- Enhanced fiduciary standards affecting provider selection criteria
- Fee transparency requirements influencing cost structure importance
- Best interest regulations impacting product recommendation processes
- Cross-border regulatory harmonization affecting global model portfolios
- Data privacy and cybersecurity requirements for technology integration
ETF issuers preparing for these trends often partner with specialized agencies that understand both current institutional relationship dynamics and emerging market developments to ensure their strategies remain competitive over multi-year implementation periods.
Frequently Asked Questions
Basics
1. What exactly is a model portfolio in ETF distribution?
A model portfolio is a professionally constructed template that allocates investments across different ETFs and asset classes to meet specific risk and return objectives. Financial advisors and digital platforms use these models to efficiently build client portfolios without creating custom allocations for each account.
2. How do model portfolios differ from mutual fund wrap programs?
Model portfolios typically use ETFs and individual securities rather than mutual funds, offer greater transparency in holdings and costs, and provide more flexible customization options. They also generally have lower expense ratios and better tax efficiency compared to traditional wrap programs.
3. What size ETF is typically required for model portfolio consideration?
Most model portfolio providers prefer ETFs with at least $100 million in assets under management and average daily trading volume above $1 million. However, specialized strategies or unique exposures may qualify with smaller asset bases if they meet specific portfolio construction needs.
4. How long does the model portfolio inclusion process typically take?
The complete process from initial relationship building to asset flows typically spans 18-36 months. This includes 6-12 months for relationship development, 3-6 months for due diligence, and 12-18 months for advisor adoption and asset accumulation.
How-To
5. How should ETF issuers identify target model portfolio providers?
Start with major TAMP providers like Envestnet, AssetMark, and SEI, then research robo-advisor platforms and large RIA firms. Use industry databases like Morningstar Direct to identify providers managing assets in your ETF's category and geographic focus areas.
6. What documentation is required for model portfolio inclusion consideration?
Essential documents include detailed fund prospectuses, performance attribution analysis, operational due diligence questionnaires, technology integration specifications, and compliance certifications. Many providers also require customized presentations addressing their specific investment philosophy and client base.
7. How can smaller ETF providers compete against established fund families?
Focus on specialized strategies or market segments, emphasize superior cost structures, provide exceptional service and accessibility to senior portfolio managers, and consider partnership arrangements that offer unique value beyond basic fund access.
8. What's the best approach for initial outreach to model portfolio managers?
Begin with industry conferences and professional networking events, then follow up with valuable market research or analysis rather than direct sales pitches. LinkedIn engagement and thought leadership content often provide effective relationship development opportunities.
Comparison
9. Should ETF issuers prioritize TAMP platforms or robo-advisor inclusion?
TAMPs typically offer larger immediate asset potential and advisor network distribution, while robo-advisors provide more predictable, algorithm-driven selection processes. Consider your ETF's characteristics: broad market exposure suits robo-advisors, while specialized strategies often work better with TAMP platforms.
10. How do model portfolio requirements differ between conservative and aggressive strategies?
Conservative models emphasize cost efficiency, liquidity, and capital preservation, requiring extensive documentation of risk management. Aggressive models focus more on performance potential, factor exposures, and growth characteristics, with higher tolerance for volatility and specialized strategies.
11. What's more important: low expenses or strong performance for model inclusion?
Low expenses are typically the primary consideration due to fiduciary requirements, but performance consistency and risk-adjusted returns become differentiating factors among similarly priced options. Most providers establish expense ratio thresholds before evaluating performance metrics.
Troubleshooting
12. Why might an ETF be excluded despite meeting quantitative criteria?
Common exclusion reasons include operational concerns about fund company stability, technology integration limitations, insufficient trading liquidity for large implementations, or strategic misalignment with the model portfolio's investment philosophy or client base.
13. How should ETF issuers respond to RFP rejections?
Request specific feedback on areas for improvement, maintain the relationship through ongoing value-added communications, address identified deficiencies, and reapply during the next evaluation cycle. Many successful inclusions occur after multiple submission attempts.
14. What if a model portfolio provider requests exclusive arrangements?
Evaluate exclusivity based on asset potential, strategic importance, and competitive implications. Consider limited exclusivity by geography or client segment rather than complete market exclusion, and ensure any agreements include performance and asset flow minimums.
Advanced
15. How do ESG requirements affect model portfolio ETF selection?
ESG models require detailed screening methodologies, impact measurement capabilities, and ongoing sustainability reporting. Providers increasingly expect ETFs to provide ESG scoring data, carbon footprint analysis, and alignment with specific sustainable development goals.
16. What role does securities lending play in model portfolio decisions?
Securities lending revenue sharing and policies are increasingly important factors, especially for large-scale implementations. Model providers often negotiate specific terms around lending practices, revenue sharing, and collateral management that can influence selection decisions.
17. How should international ETF providers approach US model portfolio inclusion?
Focus on US regulatory compliance, establish local operational support, consider partnering with US-based distributors, and emphasize unique international exposures unavailable from domestic providers. Currency hedging and time zone considerations for client service are also critical factors.
Compliance/Risk
18. What FINRA rules specifically apply to model portfolio marketing communications?
FINRA Rule 2210 governs institutional communications, requiring fair and balanced presentation of risks and benefits, appropriate performance comparisons, and clear disclosure of material conflicts. Institutional communications to qualified buyers have reduced filing requirements but maintain content standards.
19. How do fiduciary requirements affect model portfolio provider ETF selection?
Fiduciary standards require model providers to document that ETF selections are in clients' best interests, considering factors like costs, performance, and suitability. This creates preference for established providers with extensive track records and competitive fee structures.
20. What happens if an ETF is removed from a model portfolio?
Removal typically requires 30-90 days advance notice to advisors, systematic replacement across client accounts, and detailed communication about reasoning. ETF issuers may face significant asset outflows and should maintain relationships for potential future inclusion opportunities.
Conclusion
Model portfolio inclusion strategies represent a sophisticated institutional approach to ETF distribution that can generate substantial, stable asset flows for issuers willing to invest in long-term relationship development and operational excellence. Success requires understanding the complex ecosystem of decision-makers, meeting rigorous operational requirements, and positioning ETFs as strategic partners rather than simple investment products.
When evaluating model portfolio inclusion opportunities, consider the total addressable assets within target platforms, competitive positioning relative to established providers, operational capabilities required for successful implementation, relationship development timelines and resource requirements, and alignment between your ETF's characteristics and model portfolio investment philosophies. The most successful strategies combine systematic relationship building with demonstrable value creation for model portfolio providers and their advisor networks.
For ETF issuers looking to develop comprehensive model portfolio inclusion strategies that combine institutional relationship expertise with compliant digital marketing approaches, explore WOLF Financial's specialized services for asset managers and institutional finance brands.
References
- Securities and Exchange Commission. "Investment Company Act of 1940." SEC.gov. https://www.sec.gov/statutes-rules/statutes/investment-company-act-1940
- FINRA. "Rule 2210: Communications with the Public." FINRA.org. https://www.finra.org/rules-guidance/rulebooks/finra-rules/2210
- Investment Company Institute. "2024 Investment Company Fact Book." ICI.org. https://www.ici.org/research/stats/factbook
- Morningstar. "Global Asset Flows Report 2024." Morningstar.com. https://www.morningstar.com/lp/global-fund-investor-experience
- CFA Institute. "Standards of Professional Conduct." CFAInstitute.org. https://www.cfainstitute.org/ethics-standards/codes/standards
- Envestnet. "Model Portfolio Usage Study." Envestnet.com. https://www.envestnet.com/resources
- Securities and Exchange Commission. "Form N-1A Registration Statement." SEC.gov. https://www.sec.gov/forms/formn-1a
- Federal Register. "Regulation Best Interest." FederalRegister.gov. https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2019/07/12/2019-12164/regulation-best-interest
Important Disclaimers
Disclaimer: Educational information only. Not financial, legal, medical, or tax advice.
Risk Warnings: All investments carry risk, including loss of principal. Past performance is not indicative of future results.
Conflicts of Interest: This article may contain affiliate links; see our disclosures.
Publication Information: Published: 2025-11-03 · Last updated: 2025-11-03
About the Author
Author: Gav Blaxberg, Founder, WOLF Financial
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